Detail of memorial stick with Native American offerings on the site of Captain Jack's Stronghold, in the Lava Beds National Monument (California).

This unofficial indigenous memorial commemorates an episode of the Modoc war, where a small Native American band led by Modoc chief "Captain Jack" resisted a large organized army force, before being eventually taken and killed. The natives used the natural features of the lava beds to defend their stronghold.

For more info about this event, read en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Jack%27s_Stronghold.

For more info about this location, read en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_Beds_National_Monument.